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These organelles, once free-living bacteria that were engulfed by early eukaryotes, now produce most of a cell's ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.
Difficulty: EasyAs energy climbs from one trophic level to the next, roughly this fraction is passed on, while the rest is lost mostly as heat.
Difficulty: MediumThis paradox in evolutionary genetics asks how populations maintain high genetic variation despite the expected loss of variation through selection and drift.
Difficulty: HardThese organisms thrive in environments that would kill most other life forms, such as boiling hot springs or freezing Antarctic ice.
Difficulty: EasyThis term describes the transfer of trace evidence between objects or people who come into contact, forming the basis of forensic trace analysis.
Difficulty: MediumThis enzyme relieves torsional stress in DNA by cutting and rejoining the backbone during replication and transcription.
Difficulty: HardThese intelligent marine mammals are known for their playful behavior, echolocation abilities, and living in social groups called pods.
Difficulty: EasyThis type of mycorrhiza, common in orchids, penetrates plant root cells and forms coils inside them.
Difficulty: Medium